Traditional Uses: Traditionally used for over 2,000 years as a poultice or salve to heal wounds, burns, sprains, fractures, and joint inflammation, earning the name “knitbone”.
Potential Benefits: Topical application may reduce pain and swelling from muscle and joint complaints, ankle sprains, osteoarthritis, and back pain, with studies showing efficacy comparable to diclofenac gel.
Warnings: Internal use is strictly contraindicated due to hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids that can cause severe liver injury (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome) and liver cancer; avoid during pregnancy/breastfeeding and do not apply to broken skin.




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