Traditional Use: Used since ancient Greek and Roman times as a digestive tonic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory; traditionally prescribed for indigestion, flatulence, rheumatic pain, respiratory congestion, menstrual irregularity, and as a nervine tonic for anxiety and nervous exhaustion.
Potential Benefits: Volatile oils (cineole, linalool), flavonoids, and parthenolide deliver antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and digestive-stimulating effects; emerging research supports blood sugar regulation, insulin sensitivity improvement, and cardiovascular protection with regular therapeutic use.
Warnings: Generally very safe at culinary doses; avoid therapeutic doses in pregnancy due to mild uterotonic activity; whole leaves must always be removed before eating as they can cause choking or intestinal injury; may mildly potentiate antidiabetic and anticoagulant medications at therapeutic doses; essential oil is for external use only.
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