Traditional Uses: Traditionally used for over 2,000 years as a poultice or salve (“knitbone”) to heal fractures, sprains, bruises, burns, and joint inflammation, and internally for gastric ulcers and respiratory conditions.
Potential Benefits: Topical application of alkaloid-free preparations may reduce pain and swelling from ankle sprains, osteoarthritis, back pain, and muscle strains, attributed to allantoin (stimulates cell proliferation) and rosmarinic acid (anti-inflammatory).
Warnings: Internal use is strictly contraindicated due to hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (100-fold higher in roots than leaves) that can cause fatal liver injury (sinusoidal obstruction syndrome), liver cancer, and death; avoid entirely during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and do not apply to broken or abraded skin.
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