Traditional Uses: Traditionally used in European folk medicine for arthritis, rheumatism, gynecological bleeding, as a tonic, and topically for congestion, while Native Americans used crushed seeds to stupefy fish and roasted/leached seeds to make bread.
Potential Benefits: May help reduce leg pain, swelling, and itching associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and be as effective as compression stockings for early-stage CVI, while also showing promise for hemorrhoids and male infertility from varicocele.
Warnings: Raw seeds, bark, flowers, and leaves are POISONOUS and can cause fatal poisoning; only use standardized extracts with esculin removed, avoid during pregnancy/breastfeeding, and use cautiously with blood thinners (increases bleeding risk) and diabetes medications.
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