Traditional Uses: Used for centuries in Pacific Island ceremonial and social practices as a beverage to induce relaxation, reduce stress, promote sociability, and as a sedative for insomnia and anxiety.
Potential Benefits: May reduce symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder in the short term, with some studies showing comparable effects to certain prescription antianxiety medications.
Warnings: Associated with rare but severe risk of liver toxicity (including liver failure); avoid entirely if you have liver disease, depression, Parkinson’s disease, or are pregnant/breastfeeding, and do not combine with alcohol, sedatives, or medications metabolized by the liver.
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