Traditional Uses: Used for over 2,000 years across ancient Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Chinese, and African traditional medicine as a potent antiseptic and astringent for treating inflamed throat and mouth lesions, gingivitis, and pharyngitis, as an antiparasitic for schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, as well as a vulnerary for wounds, indigestion, coughs, and as an emmenagogue.
Potential Benefits: May reduce plaque and treat gingivitis in oral health, demonstrates antimicrobial effects against pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, exhibits anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties for conditions like arthritis and menstrual cramps, and shows preliminary antiparasitic activity against schistosomes and liver flukes in clinical studies.
Warnings: Avoid during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as it is a documented emmenagogue and abortifacient; may interact with warfarin and other blood thinners (reducing INR) and potentially affect the absorption of lipophilic drugs; large doses (exceeding 4 grams) may cause diarrhea and kidney irritation.
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